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Farthings of Iceland
Historically, Iceland was divided into farthings (Icelandic: ''landsfjórðungur'' (singular), ''landsfjórðungar'' (plural)), that were named after the cardinal directions. These were administrative divisions established in 965 for the purpose of organising regional assemblies called farthing assemblies (Icelandic: ''fjórðungsþing'') and for regional courts called farthing courts (Icelandic: ''fjórðungsdómar''). Each farthing contained three local assemblies (held in spring and autumn) except the Norðlendingafjórðungur which had four. Each farthing also contained nine ''goðorð'' presided over by a chieftain, ''goði'' as three ''goðar'' formed one assembly, again, except the north farthing which had twelve. Farthing courts would decide on judgement if both plaintiff and defendant belonged to the same assembly, otherwise the case was brought up to the general assembly ''Alþingi''. Otherwise little is known about these farthing assemblies and they seem to have been much more irregular than the spring and autumn assemblies. Also, in spite of the apparent regularity of 3 ''goði'' per assembly and 3-4 assemblies per farthing, the system of rule by chieftains and assemblies probably followed a much more varied pattern.
The two dioceses of Iceland were divided along the farthing division in 1106 such that the diocese of Skálholt extended over three farthings (west, south and east) and the diocese of Hólar extended over the north farthing.
==The lawmen==
After Iceland entered into personal union with Norway in 1264 a change of law with the new lawbook of king Magnus of Norway came into effect in 1271. According to this book, ''Járnsíða'' (Ironside), a lawman was set over each farthing. Usually there were just two lawmen, one for the north and west farthings and one for the south and east farthings, but sometimes there were as many as four. At the same time the old assemblies muted into counties (''sýslur'') and the ''goði''-chieftains were replaced by county sheriffs (''sýslumaður'') an office awarded by the king. The lawmen gradually became very powerful and the institution of a supreme court (''yfirdómur'') in 1593 was an attempt to curb their power instigated by their main competitors, the two bishops.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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